5Leech,G.N.Principles of Pragmatics [ M ].London:Longman,1983.
6Littlewood,W.On.Communicative Language Teaching [M].Cambridge:CUP,1981.
7Stem,H.H.Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching[M].Oxford:CUP,1983.
8Widdowson,H.G.Teaching Language as Communication[ M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1978.
9Chapelle, C. & D. Douglas. Foundations and directions for a new decade of language Testing[A]. In Douglas, D. and C. Chapelle (Eds.), A New Decade of Language Testing Research [C]. Stermling, Virgina: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc, 1993:1-22.
10Chapelle, C. , Douglas,D. and F. Douglas. The usefulness of the PhonePass test for oral testing of international teaching assistants in the US[J]. Language Testing Update, 1997(22), (35).