农民合作行为中的惩罚机制及其实践基础研究

Research on Punishment Mechanism of Farmers' Cooperative Behavior and Its Pratical Basis

本文引入类型化的视角,对农民合作行为中惩罚机制进行研究与探讨,并考察合作行为中惩罚机制形态、处罚实施主体、惩罚手段以及惩罚机制发生的社会基础。研究发现,在社会关联度较高的村庄之中,村民多群体性地运用软性惩罚的方式对合作行为中的搭便车者进行惩罚;在社会关联度中等的村庄,村庄社区内可能以群体也可能通过单个强互惠者以情、面子来对搭便车者进行惩罚,但由于村庄内规范的约束力降低,其效果往往不及前者;在社会关联度较低的村庄则只能够以个人为单位,或以牺牲自己利益或引入"混混"来惩罚搭便车者,这种刚性的惩罚方式对合作行为中的搭便车者进行处罚,虽然可能有效,但其惩罚需要支付高昂的成本与代价。

This paper aims to study and discuss about the punishment mechanism in amid of cooperative behavior of farmers from the pespective of typal tendency. It also analyzed the punishment mechanism types, punishers, punishing methods and the social background on which the punishment mechanism comes into being. In this paper, the author found out three different condi- tions. In some villages with high social correlativity, villagers will punish the free - riders softly in a collective way in most of cooperative behaviors; in some villages with middle social correlativity, villagers will punish free -riders either in a collective way or in the favor of a strong reciprocal; and in some villages with low social correlativity, the punisher is usually a single person who is willing to sacrifice his or her own benefits or to ask village rascals to punish the free - riders. It is seen that the third situation is a real punishment made by punishers to free - riders. Although this punishment method might be use ful, it works at a very high cost.