防卫致死不负刑事责任应如何把握——兼论我国传统四要件犯罪构成体系的修正与完善

How to Define Non-criminal Responsibility for Lethal Defense——Also on the Amendment and Perfection of the Crime System Consisting of Traditional Four Major Elements in our Country

传统刑法理论中犯罪构成只包含积极的构成要件,并将成立正当防卫与符合犯罪构成置于相互对立的地位,不利于分析、判断具体犯罪的成立与否。其实,正当防卫并不排斥事先做好防范、准备的情形,在防卫行为中亦可并存有伤害的意思。借鉴德日刑法学递进式"三阶层犯罪构成体系"理论,结合我国刑事立法和司法实践,应该将正当防卫、紧急避险等排除犯罪性的行为(违法阻却事由)和刑法第十三条"但书"情节并列作为消极要件纳入我国的犯罪构成要件。

In traditional penal theory,crime constitution includes only positive elements and lists the justifiable defense and those constituting crimes in the opposite positions,which is not good for analysis and judgment of whether crimes have been committed.Actually,justifiable defense does not exclude advance prevention and preparation and also possibilities of injury.In accordance with German and Japanese legal theory concerning Three Levels of Crime and criminal law and judicial practice as well,such crime-avoiding behaviors（illegal hindrance） as justifiable defense,emergency hedge and what the 13th clause of criminal law states should be listed as major negative elements of crime constitution.