村制还是制村:民国时期山西“村制”制度考察

System or Control of Rural Villages:On the Investigation of Shanxi Province Country System in the Republic of China

清末民初,国家权力为加强对基层社会资源的控制,不断试图对乡村社会进行直接整合,而实行地方自治则是当时通常所采取的措施之一。在此背景下,以阎锡山为代表的国家权力在山西进行创制新"村制"探索,并最终走上了乡村社会体制变革的道路。由此,国家权力不仅实现了对基层社会的直接控制,也正式以国家行政管理系统替代了乡村社会原有的权力组织。由此可知,当时国家政策不仅在有计划地改造基层社会,且已成功介入了乡村社会的秩序再构、权威重塑等领域的具体操作过程。通过对民国时期以山西"村制"为主要内容的具体考察,可以揭示民国时期中国乡村社会自治思潮兴衰的主要特征及一般规律。

In the Late Qing and Early Republic,the state power constantly tried to control the rural society directly to strengthen the control the grass-root social resources,and the implementation of local self-government was one of the measures that had usually been taken at that time.In this background,the state power represented by YAN Xi-shan began the exploration of new ＂village system＂ in Shanxi Province,and finally stepped on the path of reforming institutions in rural society.As a result,the state power not only achieved the goal to control the grass-root community directly,but also arrived at the purpose by using state administration system instead of the original power of rural social organization formally.Thus it can be seen that national policies were not only planned to transform grass-roots community,but also successfully intervened in the specific operation of re-structuring rural social orders,and remodeling the authority.The main content from Shanxi ＂village system＂ in the republic of China can reveal the main features and the general law of China＇s self-government ideological trend from rural area at that time.