论卢梭人民主权理论的“休谟问题”——卢梭人民主权与民主的关系解读

"Hume Issue" in Rousseau's Theory of People's Sovereignty Right——Interpretation of Relation of People's Sovereignty Right and Democracy of Rousseau

英国思想家休谟认为一切伦理学体系都犯有由"是"与"不是"的事实判断不加分析地转换到"应该"与"不应该"的价值判断的一元论逻辑错误,即所谓"休谟问题"。卢梭人民主权理论的"休谟问题"在于,将价值应然性的"公意"、"人民主权"简单归结为事实实然性的"多数人意志",将人民主权极为复杂的实现路径简单归结在了"多数人意志"一条路径上。事实上,人民主权的实然表现不是"多数人意志"而是公民权利,现代民主宪政的核心问题就是要解决如何将抽象的人民主权回复到现实的人权、公民权利。正是由于卢梭的这种逻辑错误,导致了一系列民主灾难的发生。

English thinker Hume believes all ethical system errs in the fact that it turns the factual judgment of ＂yes＂ or ＂no＂ to a value judgment with monistic logical mistake of ＂ought＂ or ＂not ought＂ without analysis.This is the so called ＂Hume Issue＂.The ＂Hume Issue＂ in Rousseau＇s theory of People＇s sovereignty right lies in the fact that it turns value ＂ought to＂ issue such as ＂general will＂ and ＂people＇s sovereignty right＂ simply to the ＂will of the majority＂ and summarizes the complicated realization path of people＇s sovereignty right into the one path of ＂the will of the majority＂.In fact,the realization of people＇s sovereignty right is not ＂the will of the majority＂ but the right of the citizen and the essential problem of modern democratic constitution is to settle how to restore the abstractive people＇s sovereign right into the realistic human right and citizen＇s right.This logical error of Rousseau leads to the consequence of a series of democratic disaster.