“怕”与“畏”的思与诗——《狂人日记》的海德格尔式思考

On "Fear" and "Reverence" in the Expression of Philosophizing and Poetry——Diary of a Madman in Heideggerian Thought

海德格尔将此在的生存描述为非本真的与本真的两种样式:前者称为沉沦,沉溺于世;后者则是从沉沦中超脱出来,回归本身,回归最本己的能在。沉沦的现身情态是"怕",后者的现身情态即是"畏"。畏乃是此在实现其两种存在样式转换的"别具一格"的展开状态。海氏详细论述了畏与怕的种种存在关联,畏于"无"中启示出"有"(此在之本真能在)的复杂情形。鲁迅小说《狂人日记》以文学的或诗的书写映证了海德格尔关于怕与畏的思考,小说始于狂人就近生存的莫名的怕,就怕而展开生存之思,思及世人的"吃人"心思,思及一部民族仁义道德遮蔽下的"吃人"历史,思及这部历史残忍的吃人方式。这样就使狂人深陷于"无"的存在境域中了,亦使狂人于无中看到了"有",看到了本己能在的"真的人",从而发出他朝向现代的"呐喊"来。这正是海德格尔所说的畏的展开状态。

Heidegger describes ＂the existence＂ in the real and unreal styles： the former is called the sink, which means the indulgence in the world; the latter is detached from the sink in it, which means returning to itself and to most of the can own. Appeared sinking modality is ＂Fear＂, the latter coming out modality that is ＂Reverence＂ . But this Rever-ence exists in two styles to achieve its transformation, ＂unique＂ in the expanded state. Heidegger discussed in details the association of all the reverence and the fear, and the complex situation that reverence reveals ＂there＂ from the ＂no＂ （that is, the truth of this can be in） . Diary of a Madman, written by Lu Xun, reflected the Reverence and the Fear of Heidegger＇s thinking in literature or poetry writing. The novel begins with the nameless madman living nearby fear, conducts thinks on living under fear, and analyses the ＂cannibalism＂ mind of people, the thought and a nation under the Cover of virtue and morality ＂cannibalism＂ of history, the thought and history of this cruel way of eating. This allows the madman to be trapped in ＂no＂ existence in the realms and also to see this already in the ＂real people＂ from ＂no＂, and thus send the modern ＂Screaming＂ . This is what Heidegger called the Reverence of the expanded state.