亲子沟通的三层次模型:理论、工具及在小学生中的应用

A Three-Level Model of Parent-Child Communication:Theory,Scale and Application in Chinese 5^(th)-6^(th) Graders

目前的亲子沟通研究存在测量工具缺乏理论依据、测量层次和内容混乱等问题。本研究在系统论思想的指导下提出亲子沟通的三层次模型,从元素、关系和系统三个层面考察亲子沟通状况,并以此模型为基础编制了相应测量工具。经过文献梳理、理论建构、工具编制等环节,逐步完善了模型和相应测量工具。以371名小学五、六年级儿童为被试,检验了亲子沟通量表的可靠性和有效性,并考察亲子沟通基本状况。结果表明,(1)亲子沟通量表的信、效度指标达到了心理测量学要求,能够用于相关实证研究中;(2)被试家庭中,父母的沟通能力优于儿童,母子沟通质量优于父子沟通,母亲的沟通地位比父亲高;(3)父母的倾听能力能有效预测亲子沟通质量,提高父子沟通质量是让父子和母子两种沟通更协调的主要途径。

The present study aimed to construct a parent-child communication model based on system views,and develop a corresponding instrument named as ＂the parent-child communication scale＂ after reviewing previous literature,interviewing relative specialists and some parents and children.In the parent-child communication model,the family was regarded as a system,including all family members,their relations and the interaction of the relations.Concretely,the model described the parent-child communication on the following three levels：（1） component-level,measuring the communication ability of each family member;（2） relationship-level,examining the quality of dyadic communication occurred between father and child or mother and child;（3） system-level,emphasizing the relationship of mother-child and father-child communications.In order to measure the characteristics of parent-child communication on above three levels,a＂parent-child communication scale＂was developed.The results indicated that：（1） The characteristics of parent-child communication could be well described on the three levels：the ability of communication,the quality of parent-child communication and the relationship between mother-child and father-child communications.The present scale met the demand of psychometrics criterion,so it could be used to explore characteristics and patterns of parent-child communication.（2） Children＇s communication abilities were poorer than their parents＇;and fathers scored lower than mothers on the communication abilities.The quality of father-child communication was worse than that of mother-child.The mother-child and father-child communications were unbalanced.Children＇s fathers seldom communicated with them.（3） Structure equation modeling revealed that it was parents＇audient ability but not expression ability could predict the quality of parent-child communication,and it was the quality of father-child communication served as the predictor of the harmony of mother-child communication and father-child communication.