论植物营养智能化递释系统与精准施肥

On plant nutrition smart delivery systems and precision fertilization

化学肥料的增产效应受报酬递减率的制约,随着单位面积施肥量的增加,其投入产出效率和有效利用率将会持续降低,养分流失所引发的水体与面源污染也将愈发突出。因此智能化控释肥料的开发与应用是促进环境友好型、可持续农业发展的重要途径。应用纳米技术,特别是以纳米材料为肥料载体或控释介质构建"植物营养智能化递释系统",有利于突破智能化肥料发展的关键技术瓶颈。本文基于纳米材料学与纳米药物学的观点,针对植物营养智能化递释系统的构建、养分释放与靶向传输的智能化调控机理、智能化肥料设计与精确施肥等理论问题进行了综合评述与讨论。

The yield-increasing effect of chemical fertilizers is subjected to the law of diminishing marginal returns.With increasing amount of fertilization per unit area,its input-output efficiency and nutrients absorbing rate will reduce continually;consequently,cause water body and point source pollution.Thus,the development of chemical fertilizers with intelligently controlled release function has become one of important approaches for promoting the development of environment-friendly and sustainable agriculture.The application of nanotechnology has been approved to be promising for developing smart fertilizer by using nano-structured materials as fertilizer carriers or a controlled-releasing media for construction of so-called ＂plant nutrients delivery system＂.Based on the point of view of nano-pharmacology,this paper reviewed and discussed the underlying theory of smart fertilizer and precise fertilization based on nanotechnologies,such as the interpretation and construction of plant nutrients delivery system,rhizosphere-targeted delivery of soil nutrients,intelligently controlled release patterns and regulating mechanism of fertilizer nutrients,parameter design of ＂smart＂ fertilizers and precision fertilization,etc.