中国城市劳动力市场中的户籍分层

Hukou-based Stratification in China’s Urban Labor Market

关于中国城市劳动力市场中户籍分层的已有研究存在两个缺憾:一是只关注城镇居民与农村移民之间的差别,二是很少考虑城市经济所具有的分割性结构。本文通过对比考察户籍身份的两种属性——户口类别与户口所在地,围绕户籍制度是否以及如何决定了个体在分割性的城市经济结构中的就业结果这一核心问题,呈现了一个更为系统化的经验分析。基于上海市2005年1%人口抽样调查数据,本文发现,户籍身份的两种属性对个体的就业结果各有影响:虽然部门进入、职业获得和收入不平等的模式确实体现出了城乡户籍群体之间的差异,但本地居民与外地移民所受到的区别性对待在这些分层过程中也不可避免地存在。研究还发现,城市经济结构的行业分割(垄断部门/非垄断部门)比所有制分割(国有部门/非国有部门)更能揭示这一复杂的户籍分层过程。

Previous research on hukou-based stratification in China’s urban labor market has two limitations:one is exclusively focusing on inequality between urban residents and rural migrants;the other is under-considering the segmentation structure of urban economy. This paper conducts a more systematic analysis on whether and how hukou system plays the role in determining individual’s labor market outcomes in the segmented urban economy by simultaneously examining two hukou attributions—the type of registration (hukou leibie) and the place of registration ( hukou suozaidi). Based on the data of 2005 1% population survey in Shanghai,the findings show that each hukou attribution has its own effect. Although urban-rural divide constitutes the basic pattern of sector entry,occupational attainment and income inequality,local and nonlocal labors are also treated differently in the stratification process. It is also found that compared with'state vs. non-state'ownership segmentation,'monopoly vs. non-monopoly'industrial segmentation is more capable to capture such kind of complicated hukou-based stratification.