基于标准的考试命题技术(二)

Standard-based Item Construction (2)

在基于标准的考试评价中,命题是关键环节。命题只有以内容标准为依据,才能促进教学与课程标准一致。内容标准的本质是明确学生应该通过何种认知操作将相应的知识建构到已有的知识体系中,这要求命题者不但要理解内容标准描述的认知操作的内涵,同时需要掌握适当的命题技术命制出考查相应认知要求的试题。然而,目前我国课程的内容标准描述的认知操作的内涵多数不明确、不具体,导致命题者难以清楚地依据内容标准命题。本文以布鲁姆教育目标分类为依据,介绍其各种认知类型的内涵,并在此基础上进一步探讨考查各种认知类型试题命制的基本技术要求。

Item construction is a key part in standard-based assessment. The alignment between content standards and assessments ensure the teaching meet the requirements of curriculum standards. This requires that the meanings of cognitive operations in the descriptions of content standards must be clear and accurate so that all the people related, the teachers in schools and item constructors, could definitely understand them and the item constructors know how to develop the items based on the knowledge and its cognitive types. However, the present situations in China, severely constrain the improvements of standard-based assessments. The author introduces the meanings of the cognitive types in the revised Bloom＇s taxonomy of educational objectives and then discusses how to construct the items aligned with these cognitive types.