从宋跋本王仁昫《刊谬补缺切韵》看唇音字的开合

Un/roundedness of Labial-Initial Characters:An Observation Based on WANG Ren-xu's Work

唇音字"开合混切"解释的困难,是研究反切行为和反切规律的最主要障碍之一。问题得不到解释,反切的研究就会多出很多"例外"。为此,本文以宋跋本王仁昫《刊谬补缺切韵》反切为材料,从三个角度观察、检测唇音字的开合,得知:唇音字在属性上实有开合之分,以目前的标准衡量,唇音字与其切下字开合一致的约占87%;牙喉舌齿音与其唇音切下字开合一致的占77.2%;唇音切上字,被切字合一定用合,被切字开则可开可合,但用开口最多的是三等字,最少的是一等字,用字开合受洪细轻重的影响。唇音字开合"混切"的原因:一是反切时代到韵图时代开合存在演变,有的反切本来一致的,以韵图标准衡量却不一致;二是反切时代主要元音为圆唇元音的韵,其唇牙喉音做切上字,具有合口的作用,其唇音具有合口的属性,切合口字本来和谐;而在韵图时代这些韵有的被列入开口,以至认为反切开合"混切",或是后人归诸"独韵",不论开合。上述两条都不是反切行为的问题,不能成为唇音不分开合的理由。按上述标准,唇音字与其切下字开合一致的,占97%。三是在二三等韵中唇音开口与牙喉音合口具有规律性的对应,原因有:牙喉音切上字的合口或圆唇元音会"顺同化"唇音开口切下字;二等韵介音容易消减唇牙喉合口成分。切上字也与被切字的开合有关;除了开合属性,洪细、轻重也对切上字有不同要求。

Previously,there are many ＂exceptions＂ to the methodology of the ＂roundedness--unroundedness mixture paradigm of fanqie＂（fanqie：countersegmentation-blending the initial consonant[s] of one character with the rhyme of ano-ther character to suggest the pronunciation of a target character）.This paper,based on the data of the Song Dynasty Version（with a postscript）of the work Corrections of and Supplements to ＂Segmental Rhymer＂ by WANG Ren-xu in the Tang Dyansty,examines the un/roundedness of labial-initial consonants.It is found that most of the labial-initial characters bear the nature of un/roundedness.To be specific,labial-initial characters agree up to 87% in un/roundedness with their respective second characters in countersementation;and the velar,laryngeal,lingual,and dental-initial words agree 77.2% in un/roundedness with their respective labial-initial consonants of the second characters.As for the first character that bears labial consonant[s],all the relevant characters are rounded if the sounds of the segmented characters are rounded;and they are either rounded or unrounded if not;but the unroundedness mostly goes to the third-class characters,least to the first-class;and the roundedness or unroundedness is affected by loudness,thinness,relaxation,and tenseness.Accordingly,the agreement amounts to 97%.The author further interprets the reasons of the problems the previous studies are confronted with and the application power of the present approach.