德性何为——试论康德的人学思想

The Effects of Virtue:Kant's Philosophy of Human Being

康德的道德哲学蕴含着丰富的人学思想。在笔者看来,德性至上是康德人学思想的核心。从源于实践理性的自律出发,康德将德性、实践理性与意志自由有机统一,并为每一个有理性者提出了"以人性为目的"这一道德实践意义上的绝对律令。因此,强调德性至上的康德人学,其基础是实践理性,其目的则是人类自由,有限的理性存在者(人)由此成为道德王国的自我决断者。在这一意义上,康德人学正是西方启蒙思想的精华。

This essay aims at exploring Kant＇s rich thought on human being through analyzing his moral philosophy.From my point of view,the key of Kant＇s hominology（i.e.philosophy of human being）is the principle of sovereign virtue.It seems that Kant unifies the sovereign virtue,practical reason,and free will by means of autonomy originated from practical reason.Furthermore,Kant offers the categorical imperative,that is,＂use humanity always as an end＂,for every rational being.In a word,Kant＇s hominology,characterized as sovereign virtue,is based on practical reason and intends to realize human freedom.Finite rational being（namely,human being）,therefore,becomes self-determined in the realm of moral kingdom.In this regard,the spirit of the western enlightenment is finally actualized in Kant＇s hominology.