浅析美国财产法之地役权

Study on the Easement of American Property Law

美国财产法中的地役权由普通法上的地役权和衡平法上的地役权构成,其中衡平法上的地役权是由于消极性地役权在现实生活中难以直观判断的特点,加之缺乏备案等公示制度的保护而产生,作为一种特殊类型的契约权利而存在。涉及取得方式美国财产法中的地役权主要有默示取得、现实需要取得和时效取得三种典型方式,终止方式主要包括混同、地役权人的放弃和条件的根本变化等方式,这些方式都是根据现实需要反应在判例法中,从而不断衍变和得到完善。相比而言我国针对地役权的法律规定仅限于《物权法》第十四章,未明确界定地役权的主体、种类和权利救济方式,而地役权设立方式的规定缺乏灵活性,对地役权终止方式的制度设计不能应对现实的需要,亟待进一步补充与完善。

The easement of American Property Law is constituted of common law easement and equitable servitude,and the latter is a kind of covenant right which is derived from the situation that the negative easement can＇t be intuitively judged and the shortage of the protection of record and other publicity system.Easement by implication,easement by necessity and easement by prescription are three typical creation patterns of the easement of American Property Law,while the termination pattern includes confusion,abandonment of easement obligee and the changed conditions.All these patterns are improved and consummated via real life＇s response in case law.Nevertheless China only has limited provisions in chapter 14 of its Property Law,which has neither explicitly defined the subject of right or the classification,nor the ways of relief.Meanwhile the provisions of the creation pattern are deficient in flexibility.It is the same with the termination pattern which is far from meeting demands of real life and needs urgent perfection in greater depth.