家外有宅:北京市家庭多套住宅的空间关系研究

ADDITIONAL RESIDENCES AWAY FROM HOME: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ON SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP OF MULTIPLE RESIDENCES IN BEIJING

自住房制度改革以来,中国城市家庭从计划经济时期以租赁公房为主转变成了多样化的住房来源和产权,并且出现了较高比例的拥有多套住宅。在理论上用地方效用互补和空间扩散规律来解释多套住宅的空间关系,并按照第二住宅持有目的分为投资型、休闲度假型、安置亲属型、便利型和市场障碍型,分析了不同类别第二住宅和首要居所的空间关系。然后以北京为例,运用2009年北京市家庭住房调查数据和访谈资料实证分析,发现多套住宅的持有目的、使用状态、房屋特征和社区类别的差异明显,符合地方效用互补规律;多套住宅的空间关系符合距离衰减、等级扩散和关系网络扩散规律。首要居所和第二住宅的区位组合以同城为主,距离越远,频率衰减;存在目的地城市的等级扩散,亲情网络和组织网络也有助于空间扩散。不同类型的第二住宅在区位、距离、交通方式有明显差异。多套住房消费和投资作为"现代性"生活方式的一部分,与西方无根本不同,但是中国特有的住房体系、住房文化和税收政策是其成因,空间模式也有所不同。

The housing system and housing consumption in urban China have changed significantly since the housing reform was launched.The rate of homeownership has increased rapidly,and multiple homes have emerged in a society that was previously dominated by public rental.Adopting the concept of place utility and spatial diffusion,this paper theoretically studied the spatial relationship between primary home and second home.Second home is further divided into different categories based on its purpose,including investment,leisure,helping family members/relatives,convenience,and market barrier related second home.This paper utilizes 2009 Beijing survey data and fieldwork to empirically study the spatial relationships between primary and second homes.Analysis shows that the purposes,usages,and housing and community characteristics of primary home and second homes are very different,supporting the place utility compensation hypothesis.Second homes are mostly located in the same city,within a short distance.The farther away from primary home,the fewer second homes there are,supporting the hypothesis of distance decay.Analysis also shows second home tends to be located in cities with similar administrative rank as the host city of primary home,and social network including kinship networks and danwei（work unit） networks affects the location of second homes.Different types of second home have different spatial patterns,modes of transportation,housing and community characteristics.Second home in urban China shares similarities with that in the west,but the unique housing system,housing culture and government policies in urban China has resulted in different spatial patterns.