论英国《气候变化法》及其对我国的启示

Comment on the Climate Change Law in the UK and Its Revelation to China

英国于2008年率先颁布和实施了世界上第一部《气候变化法》,该法案确立了温室气体减排的中远期目标,规定了碳预算每五年计划,设立气候变化委员会,建立国内碳排放交易体系等,为其他国家制定本国气候变化法起到了示范作用。中国也面临发展经济、消除贫困和减缓温室气体排放的多重压力,应对气候变化的任务繁重。因此,有必要全面系统地考察英国《气候变化法》的出台背景,梳理、分析和提炼出其所遵循的基本原则与主要特征,指出我国现行立法和执法中存在的缺陷与不足。在参考和借鉴英国成熟经验和合理成分的基础上,为我国应对全球气候变暖问题提出法律对策。如尽快由全国人大或常委会出台中国《应对气候变化法;》根据该法的原则和精神,构建完善的应对气候变化法律体系;设立部级单位能源和气候变化委员会统一管理和部署全国节能减排工作;构建国内排放贸易体系,以应对全球气候变化的严峻挑战。

In order to promote the transformation to the low carbon economy and demonstrate the international leadership,the United Kingdom,at the end of 2008,led the way to promulgate and implement the first Climate Change Law in the world.The law establishes the medium and long term target of reducing green house gas emissions,not only setting up the climate change committee,but also regulating each five-year plan of carbon budget and constructing the domestic emission trade system,thus setting a good example for constituting Climate Change Law in other countries.China also faces such multiple challenges as developing economy,eliminating poverty and reducing green house gas emissions.Especially there are severe conditions in climate change and heavy tasks for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.Therefore,it is necessary to have an overall,systematic investigation of the setting background of Climate Change Law,analyzing and abstracting its basic principles and main features,so as to point out the shortage and deficiency in China＇ s current law-making and law-enforcing,such as running short of a basic law regulating specially greenhouse gas emissions and a strong administrative department that can be united to lead the nationwide work of reducing green house gas emissions,some clauses in energy law being too abstract to operate,and the criteria of domestic reducing emissions not having the effect of compulsive norm.Based on drawing experience from Climate Change Law in the United Kingdom,this essay puts forward China＇ s law politics for dealing with the global climate change,such as establishing China＇ s Climate Change Law by the National People＇ s Congress or its Standing Committee,constructing the perfect law system of dealing with climate change in accordance to the principle and spirit of the said law,setting up the ministerial-level committee of energy and climate change to manage and deploy the whole country＇ s reducing greenhouse gas emissions by conserving energy,making up the domestic system of emission trade to deal with the severe challenge of the global climate change.