伊朗苏非主义及其教团的历史演变

The Historical Evolution of Iranian Sufism and Sufi Order

伊朗是伊斯兰苏非思想和苏非教团形成的重要地区,许多著名的苏非学者生活于此。波斯祆教文化为伊朗苏非思想的产生,为苏非主义从禁欲到神秘主义的转变,提供了丰富的精神资源。伊朗处于伊斯兰统治的边缘地区,相对宽松的社会环境为苏非教团的发展提供了机会。蒙古人统治前后,诸多苏非教团产生,苏非道堂在各地修建起来。在伊朗历史上,苏非主义与什叶派的关系问题,以及苏非教团的地位和社会功能问题,引起了什叶派乌莱玛和教法学家的争论,这也证明了苏非主义在伊朗宗教生活中的生命力。

Iran is an important area where Sufi thinking and Sufi Orders have emerged.Many famous Sufi thinkers lived here.The ancient Persian Zoroastrian culture provides a rich ideological material for Iranian Sufism development,and for Sufism change from abstinence to mysticism.Iran is situated in the marginal areas of Islamic rule,relatively favorable political environment has provided chances for the development of Sufi Order.Before and after the Mongol invasion,many Sufi Orders came into being,and sufi khaneqahs was built everywhere.In Iranian History,the relationship between Shiite and Sufism was highlighted with the establishment of the Safavid dynasty.The status and social function of Sufism caused argument between Shiite Ulama and Jurist,this further proved vitality of Sufism in the religious life.