环境规制与中国对外贸易发展

Environment Regulation and China's External Trade Development

环境规制是指以环境保护为目的而制订与实施的各项政策与措施的总和。就一般情况而言,出口国环境规制的实施将增加资源密集型产品的生产成本,改变国内的要素配置和生产结构,削弱本国资源密集型产品或高污染产品的出口竞争能力。进口国环境规制更多地表现为贸易壁垒的形式,如"环境倾销"、"社会倾销"等,并对比较竞争优势造成扭曲。多边环境规制对比较竞争优势的影响主要是通过对不同国家环境标准差异的协调来实现的,它虽然有助于缓解发达国家环境壁垒对世界贸易自由化发展的不利影响,但并不能改变环境标准短期内可能给发展中国家和地区比较竞争优势的消极作用;根据"波特假说",设计良好的环境规制虽然在长期效果上可能会激发企业的创新行为,但短期内调整成本对有关国家产品的竞争力将产生不利影响。因此,作为发展中国家,我们尽管要对内应坚持环境友好型贸易发展方向,但对外必须在强调历史公平的基础上争取合理的"排污权",这对维护贸易环境和平顺贸易结构转换是非常重要的。

The environment regulations include all measures used to protect the environment. Generally, the implementation of these regulations in export country will leads the production cost of labor intensive products increased, and changes the factors allocation and the productive structure domestically. Furthermore, it will weaken the competitiveness of domestic products which have the characteristics of labor-intensive and high-pollution. Relative to export country, this regulation in import country will be mainly presented as the trade barriers, such as environment dumping and social dumping etc. It usually distorts the comparative competitive advantage of products between import and export countries. Multi-lateral environment regulation mainly realizes its impacts on the comparative competitive advantage by coordinating the environment standards in different countries. Although this kind of regulation is helpful to relief the negative affects on the development of free trade in the world, it can＇t diminish the possibility of the negative affects on the compara- tive competitiveness of developing countries in short time, caused by the environment barriers in development. According to Poter Hypothesis, a good-tailored environment regulation may stimulate the innovation of enterprise in long time, but in short time the adjust cost must weaken the competitiveness of products of developing country. Therefore, as a devel- oping country, Although China should persist in the trade development in environment friendly way domestically, we should also fight for the reasonable right of pollute emission externally. This right is very important to maintain the stable trade environment and to stabilize the changes of trade structure.