19世纪末-20世纪初俄国农业发展道路之争

Conflicts of the Approaches to Russian Agriculture Development in the Late 19th Century and the Early 20th Century

俄国农业生产长期滞后原因非止一端,农业投入不足是重要原因之一。影响农业投入的主要原因有三:第一,俄国长期预算赤字,军费支出一直居高不下,国家财政捉襟见肘,经济发展很难兼顾。第二,19世纪50年代起俄国为实现强国梦和发展工业不遗余力,靠牺牲农业俄国工业化成绩斐然,埋下工农业发展失衡的病根。第三,政府各部门之间围绕国家经济发展的未来方向、如何吸引农业投资和增加农业贷款一直冲突不断,财政部、内务部、农业和国有财产部围绕农业纲领争宠使切实可行的统一方案难以出台,面向农业的土壤改良贷款、短期贷款和抵押贷款未能发挥实效,化解农业危机只是一纸空文。农业危机的蔓延最终导致专制制度回天无术。

There are many reasons why the Russian agriculture lagged behind.The most severe problem was lack of enough investment due to the three reasons as follows.Firstly,Russian always had the budget deficit.The military expenses remained quite high while the country had the financial problems;it was hard to give considerations to economic development.Secondly,in the 1850s,Russian gave priority to industry development in order to be a stronger country than any other countries.Although they made a great achievement in industry,such an unbalanced development in agriculture and industry led to the fact that agriculture development fell behind.Thirdly,there were many conflicts among different departments in government about the future plan for economic development,how to attract more agriculture investment,and how to increase agriculture loan.The Treasury Department,the Internal Affair Department,and the Agriculture and State-owned Property Department argued a lot on the issue of guiding principle of agriculture development.Thus,the overall plan became a hard delivery.The bank loan for soil modification,short-term loan and mortgage loan did not actually work well.There were still a lot of problems in Russian agriculture.The agriculture crisis spread rapidly and gradually the state could not offer any help to improve it.