老子的“道”与苏格拉底的“善”之比较——兼论二者对后世道德教育的影响

A Comparison between Laozi's Idea of "Daoism" and Socrates's "Charity"——On These Two Ideas' Effect on Moral Education

老子的"道"与苏格拉底的"善"分别是二者哲学的最高道德境界,在中西方伦理学和道德教育思想史上均占有重要的地位。老子的"道"与苏格拉底的"善"既有相同之处又有不同之处,二者相同的是:"道"与"善"分别是二者哲学体系中的最高境界;二者都是在关注自然的同时,重视人与自然之间的和谐,在二者的道德教育思想中辩证思维充盈其间;躬行实践成为他们道德教育思想的落脚点。二者不同的是:老子的"道"是混沌的,苏格拉底的"善"是明晰的;"道"始于自然,"善"始于认识你自己;"道"是建立在"天地人合一"的基础上,"善"是建立在"美德即知识"的基础上;得"道"之法为"不言之教",而获"善"之法为"产婆术"。从道德教育的价值取向来看,二者的不同在一定程度上造成了中西道德教育的分异,尊"道"成为中国感性体悟道德教育的传统,扬"善"成为西方注重理性主义道德教育的源流。

Laozi＇s ＂Daoism＂ and Socrates＇s ＂Charity＂ are the supreme values of their own philosophy.In the ethics and moral education histories of China and western countries,they play an equally important role.They have similarities and differences：＂Daoism＂ and ＂Charity＂ are both the highest existing in their own philosophy system.They concern the nature,and also pay more attention to the harmony of man and nature simultaneously.Dialectical thinking is embodied in them and personal practice is treated as the destination of their moral education.However,Laozi＇s ＂Daoism＂ is chaotic but Socrates＇s ＂Charity＂ is perspicuous.＂Daoism＂ starts from the nature but ＂Charity＂ begins with knowing self.＂Daoism＂ is in the view of ＂unity between heaven,earth and man＂ but ＂Charity＂ is based on the idea that ＂virtue is knowledge＂.The way to get ＂Daoism＂ is ＂teachings of no language＂ but the method to obtain ＂Charity＂ is ＂Midwife＇s Art＂.Considering from the value orientation of the moral education,the differences has influenced the moral education of China and western countries to a certain extent.Respecting ＂Daoism＂ turns into the tradition of perceptually understanding moral education in China,and promoting ＂Charity＂ becomes the source of rationalism-valued moral education in western countries.