基于生产能力共同储备的政府和企业应急经费规划模型

Emergency Fund Planning Model Based on Associated Production Capacity Reserve of the Government and Enterprises

剩余生产能力可以快速提高产量,对处置突发事件具有明显效果,但企业平时保持的剩余生产能力不足以平衡突发事件对应急物资的巨大需求,扩大剩余生产能力将使企业在市场竞争中处于不利地位。为解决突发事件中的物资供求矛盾,政府、企业应规划应急经费共同进行生产能力储备,引导企业承担社会责任。分析表明:政府与企业规划的应急经费应保持一定的比例;双方同时对生产能力储备投入或政府先投入或企业先投入,应急经费规划都受生产同种应急物资的企业数量的影响;政府先投入模式更容易使双方的应急经费规划相匹配,且政府应急经费不足时,应引导企业先投入,应急经费充足时,应主动先投入以实现更大的生产能力储备。

The sudden outbreak of public crises,such as SARS,Bird Flu,and Wenchuan Earthquake,is exerting strong pressures on the government to develop a humane society.Emergency materials are always in great demand when emergency events occur.Most companies have been reserving an extra production capacity as part of contingency plan for emergency events.However,the ordinary capacity reserve can hardly meet the sudden demand caused by an unanticipated public crisis.China has been experiencing an increasing number of emergency events recently.The Chinese government has mandated that governmental institutions at all levels establish production capacity reserves and have flexible production capacity that can be quickly expanded.In other words,companies are required to maintain a certain capacity level for producing emergency materials during the routine operation according to governmental regulations.Our literature review shows that production capacity reserves in a supply chain can improve profit for a company if the market demand is suddenly increased and its supply chains are stable.Most suppliers are willing to build production capacity reserve if other supply chain partners are willing to share costs and risks.However,companies may risk losing customers if product price is required to include additional costs caused by the excessive production capacity reserve.Companies are more willing to work with the government to increase their production reserves according to an emergency plan.The existing literature primarily centers on the study of production capacity reserve among companies,rather than between the government and companies.This paper tries to address this issue by conducting a quantitative analysis of planned emergency funds from the perspectives of both the government and companies.The objective of this study is to propose an emergency fund planning model for companies to meet the government＇s mandate of reserving production capacity for emergency events.We make a few assumptions before proposing the emergency fund planning model.The first assumption is that the government,at all levels,owns physical reserves to meet the initial demand of emergency materials,and companies have the same contingency reserves for unanticipated changes in market demand.The second assumption is that both the government and companies have the intention of collaborating with each other to cope with the ongoing demand of emergency materials.In the course of building production capacity reserves,both entities will make decisions according to the same mathematical model of budget constraint function and the Douglas utility function.The third assumption is that response to the governmental policy of production capacity reserves（i.e.,planed emergency funds） and utility function are identical for all companies that produce the same materials.In this paper,we first discuss problems associated with the mismatch of emergency funds caused by difficult coordination of a large number of companies.The larger the number of companies producing the same materials,the more difficult the coordination between governments and companies in producing capacity reserves will be.Secondly,the government＇s planned emergency fund is limited if the relationship between the government and companies are in the master-slave mode.On the other hand,companies should keep their planned emergency capacities in accordance with the government＇s planned emergency funds if the government needs to rely on the contribution of companies.Thirdly,the master-slave mode（government to company） is more appropriate for matching emergency fund than the peer-to-peer form（company to company） or the alternative master-slave mode（company to government）.Finally,quantitative evidence is provided to illustrate the rationality of the proposed method.Our analysis results indicate that the government and companies should keep their emergency funds in proportion to production capacity reserves.The implementation of production capacity reserves does not merely rely on the amounts of funds provided by the government or enterprises.Also,the appropriate arrangement of the emergency funds is subject to the number of companies that produce homogeneous emergency materials.The government should formulate investment strategies to guide enterprises in bearing social responsibility and easing the shortage of emergency funds.This guidance can help build production capacity reserves in order to improve the security level of emergency materials in a region.In reality not all companies are willing to bear social responsibility when emergency events occur.Perhaps,companies＇ utility function and their response to the government policy are not identical.Despite these limitations,analytic methods and research findings in this paper have practical implications and make contributions to the existing literature.