美国贸易政策制定的宪政体制论

Constitutional Rationale &Institutional Framework of US Trade Liberalization Since1934 & Its Enlightenment & Reference for China

美国贸易政策制定权力由《美国宪法》明确界定,所以开启贸易自由化的"1934年体制"本质上是一个宪政体制。该体制的形成是基于后危机时代重构政治平衡与摆脱经济危机的现实需要,而其变迁是围绕国会"授权-控权或监督"的宪政路径展开的,并由贸易保护主义力量与自由贸易主义力量之间的宪政博弈推动的。这种宪政博弈实质上是在特定历史条件下的一种贸易立法博弈,而具体表现为推动贸易自由化的"四位一体"制度架构。对正在积极推进贸易自由化的中国而言,这种源于宪政博弈的贸易制度创新实践可资借鉴之处主要在于两个方面,即后危机时代贸易自由化立法范式的创新和自由贸易与不公平贸易二分法的立法体例的引入。

he trade policy-making authority is clearly defined by the US Constitution,therefore,＂the 1934 system＂ having initiated trade liberalization in essence is a constitutional system.The formation of the system is due to realistic need for rebuilding political balance and getting out of economic crisis in the post-crisis era.The evolution of the system is dependent on congressional ＇authority-delegating——power-controlling＇ constitutional path and is driven by the constitutional game between trade protectionism and trade liberalism.This constitutional game in substance is a kind of trade legislative game in specific historic circumstances and presents itself as four-in-one institutional framework under which US promotes trade liberalization.As to China＇s active promotion of trade liberalization,two points should be referred from the practice of trade institution innovation originating from constitutional game： the innovation of legislative paradigm for trade liberalization and the introduction of legislative style of free trade-unfair trade dichotomy in the post-crisis era.