黔西北民族杂居地区的语言生态及其类型分析

Language Ecology and Its Type Analysis in Multi-ethnic Areas of Qianxibei

黔西北民族杂居地区民族种类支系繁多,语言、方言分布密集,多民族使用、兼用两种、三种或更多语言的情况极为常见,形成较为复杂的语言生态。上古时期,黔西北的语言生态格局便呈现出多元化特征,经中古时期至元明清以来,由于族群的迁徙和融合,逐渐形成了现在的语言生态格局。黔西北民族杂居地区的语言生态大致可以分为如下三种类型,即少数民族母语强势型双(多)语类型、汉语强势型双(多)语类型和少数民族母语濒危型双(多)语类型。

There are quite a rich variety of ethnic groups and their branches in multi-ethnic areas of Qianxibei.In these areas,languages and dialects are distributed densely and the complex language ecology comes into being for the very common cases of groups＇ using two,three or more languages.In ancient times,the language ecology of these areas had already shown characteristics of diversity.From medieval times to the Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasty on,the current language ecological pattern was formed gradually for groups migration and integration.The language ecological types in this multiethnic area can be roughly divided into three bilingual or multilingual types： Minority language strong,Chinese strong and minority language endangered.