清至新中国建立初期政府永佃权政策的演变——以国家和福建地方互动为中心的考察

The Evolution of Governments' Permanent-Tenancy Policy during Qing Dynasty to the Early Years of the PRC——Focus on the interaction between national and Fujian local government

本文首次利用福建各县市的永佃制档案,以国家和福建地方的互动为中心,对清至新中国建立初期政府永佃权政策的演变进行了研究。清前中期地方政府认为永佃制的存在产生诸多弊端而试图消除之,但因为永佃习俗"牢不可破"而未能成行;清末民国中央政府顺应民情对永佃权进行立法,但又没有照单全收永佃各项权利;法定"永佃权"和民间"田皮权"在名称及权利上的不一致,使得地方政府历经了一个过程才认清两者之间的关系;面对各地永佃权的盛行,共产党在减租政策中对永佃权的界定契合了民间习俗,土改中以承认农民永佃权为基础处理土地问题的政策在地方得到了贯彻实施。政府的永佃权政策在国家和地方的互动中逐步走向规范,而这一规范过程表明,既承认永佃权是对土地所有权的分割,同时吸取习惯法合理性的永佃权政策才是完善的。

By using Permanent-Tenancy files about counties in Fujian for the first time,focusing on the interaction between national and Fujian local province,the article studied the evolution of Fujian government＇ Permanent-Tenancy polity of Qing dynasty to the early years of the PRC.In the early and mid-Qing times,the local government considered that Permanent-Tenancy brought about many drawbacks and then attempted to eliminate it.But the policy failed because Permanent-Tenancy custom was unbreakable.In late Qing and early Republic of China,the national government responded to public opinion to legislate on Permanent-Tenancy,but not accepted it all.The ＂Permanent-Tenancy right＂ in the law and ＂the surface field right＂ in the folk were different in names and rights.It caused that Fujian government had a clear understanding after a progress.Because of the prosperity of Permanent-Tenancy in provinces,the Chinese Communist Party defined the Permanent Tenancy fitting to the folk custom.During the land reform,the CCP dealt with land issues based on recognizing farmers＇ Permanent-Tenancy.This policy was put into practice by local governments.In the interaction between national and local government,governments＇ Permanent-Tenancy polity regulated gradually.The standard progress showed that Permanent-Tenancy polity was completed if recognized Permanent-Tenancy is the division of land ownership and drawn the rationality of the customary law.