近代以来德国贵族政治特权的延续及其原因

Analysis on the Continuity of the Political Privilege of Modern German Nobility

进入近代社会以后,当英、法等国的贵族及其特权在资产阶级革命中遭到沉重打击和被摧毁时,德国贵族却仍然长期把持国家政权,占据着行政、外交和军事领域的关键职位。造成德国贵族政治特权长期延续的原因主要在于:首先,它与德国政治现代化的独特道路有关,贵族阶级采取了适时而进的"防御性"政治策略。其次,德国贵族在近代历史进程中取得了突出的成就。贵族在经济上资产阶级化和资产阶级在政治上贵族化成为贵族阶级在近代社会中维持其政治统治的经济和社会基础。此外,文化观念和文化传统等文化因素在保持贵族政治特权方面也有一定作用。

In modern western societies,as the British and the French nobility with its privileges met with heavy blows and were destroyed in the bourgeois revolutions,the German nobility,however,still controlled the state power and held crucial positions in the administrative,diplomatic and military domains.The reasons that the political privileges of the German nobility lasted over a long period were as follows.Firstly,it related to the special path of the German political modernization.The nobility took the 'defensive' rule tactics which timed well with the social progress.Secondly,the German nobility had achieved great successes in the modern time.The nobility was economically bourgeoisified and the bourgeoisie politically was imbrued with aristocratism,which laid the economic and social foundations for the aristocratic rule in the modern German society.Thirdly,cultural factors,such as cultural ideas and heritage,also contributed to the preservation of the political privileges of the German nobility.