法国大革命中的暴力与恐怖

Violence and Terror in the French Revolution

"恐怖时代"一词和恐怖手段的使用与1789年大革命同时产生。1789年的政治文化,甚至在其自由的主张里,都蕴含着一些潜在的专制主义与不自由,最终转化成1793年的情形。此外,恐怖也出于事后看来难以理解的集体激情,活跃的激情力量以暴力反对大革命中真正的或假象的敌人。然而,在大革命的恐怖中,意识形态所起到的作用微乎其微。革命逐渐升级是出于言论的不断激进,是真正的"激进化的竞赛",在此过程中多个势力同时寻求合法性与权力。

The term of ＂age of terror＂ and the use of terror originated in the 1789 Revolution.The political culture of 1789,even in its ideas of freedom,contained potential despotism and the absence of freedom,which ultimately led to the case of 1793.In addition,the terrorist originated also the collective passion,the passion of active forces in the violence against the Revolution＇s real or presumptive enemies.However,in the horrors of the Revolution,ideology has played a negligible role.Aggressive radical speech,the real ＂radical of the race＂ in the process of seeking legitimacy and power,gave the escalating of revolution.