《风》《骚》体制异同论(下)

On the Similarities and Differences of Feng and Sao(Ⅱ)

对《风》与《骚》的篇章、句式、韵律、内容等4方面之体制进行比较论析。篇章体制方面:《诗经》篇幅短小,大多分章节,二章诗具对称美,无标题;《楚辞》篇幅宏大,不分章节,思想感情内容在结构上亦具对称美,始立标题。《诗经》对答之体对《楚辞》有影响。句式体制方面:《诗经》以四言为主,间以杂言;《楚辞》亦有少数四言诗,多为带"兮"字的七言句,五言、六言句大量产生。韵律体制方面:《诗经》在用韵位置、疏密程度、用韵格局与关系等方面甚为灵活;《楚辞》多用偶句韵,以四言二韵为定制,有全篇一韵到底者。多用高呼度韵脚和鼻韵尾韵脚,形成屈骚悲壮激切之声韵特征。《诗经》韵律多呈自然美,《楚辞》韵律多呈人工美。内容体制方面:《诗经》以音乐为标准划分内容为风、雅、颂三类,少数诗篇则三体皆备;《楚辞》不标风、雅、颂三体之名称,但精神实质则含有风、雅、颂三体之特征,无"形"有"神",内在与《诗经》相一致。总之,《诗经》与《楚辞》体制存在渊源关系。

The four parts of discourse,sentence pattern,rhyme and plot of Feng and Sao are given a comparative study in the paper.In terms of discourse,The Book of Songs is written in the form of chapters but without titles to most of the poems,and is characterized by short length and symmetrical beauty between two poems,while The Songs of Chu isn＇t written in chapters but with a title at the beginning which is characterized by long length and symmetrical beauty in the plot of thoughts and feelings.The way of response in The Book of Songs sets great influence on that of The Songs of Chu.In respect of the sentence pattern,poems in The Book of Songs are mainly written in a four-character style,while poems in The Songs of Chu are mainly written in seven-charter,five-character and six-character styles.Regarding the rhyme,poems in The Book of Songs are flexible in the aspects of the position,density and pattern of the rhyme,while that in The Songs of Chu rhymed in couplet till the end of the poem with the stable four-character and two-rhyme style,and produced a tragic and impassioned effect with the frequent application of rising and nasal rhyme.Thus the rhyme in The Book of Songs presents the naturalbeauty,while in The Songs of Chu the artificial beauty.Finally,it is the comparison in the aspects of plot.In The Book of Songs,it is classified into Feng Ya and Song with music as the standard,while in The Songs of Chu,it is not signed with Feng Ya and Song but has the characteristics of them in the soul.In a word,there is a strong tie between The Book of Songs and The Songs of Chu.