明代前中期九边区域防御形态的演变

The Change of Jiubian(九边)Areas Defense System in the Early and Middle Period of Ming Dynasty

明代前中期九边地带的区域防御经历了一个曲折的演变过程。洪武时期地方防守的基本形式是省区及与此相关的行都司防御,防守重点是省区和呈团块状分布的军事战略要地。此外,朝廷委派公侯等将军驻防边地,导致了诸将管防区的出现和区域防卫的复杂化。永乐以后,以边境为主体构建边防,防御重心移至边境沿线,形成九边防御区。九边的形成经历了初级形态和典型形态两个阶段,虽然各边形成时间不一,但至正德年间已经全面建成,至此"九边"一词出现。正统以后,九边内部分防区日益发展,以镇为单位的大区域和镇内小区域相结合的防御形式,发展为九边区域防御的稳定形式。

Jiubian(九边)areas defense system in the early and middle period of Ming Dynasty expe-rienced great changes. In the years of emperor Hongwu(洪武) period, province{省) is the basic defense unit. After emperor Yongle(永乐) years, boundary defense became more and more important, so the focus of defense system moved to the boundary province areas, the word Jiubian appeared. After emperor Zhengde(正德)period, Jiubian defense system stepped into a steady developing period.