秦始皇帝陵铜车马与中国古代文明——秦政原始

Bronze Chariots and Horses in Qin Shi Huang's Mausoleum and Chinese Ancient Civilization——Origin and Development of Qin Civilization

在秦始皇帝陵出土铜车马的研究中,"灵魂乘车说"、"兵车说"以及从铜车马引出的卤簿制度研究,皆存在着文献不足,考古资料与历史实际不相符合的问题。只有在沟通天人大背景下,从秦人的实践及其对这种实践的理解出发,去究明铜车马的性质,方可达到这几方面的有效整合。铜车马坑是祭祀坑;两件铜车马是祭祀皇天上帝时献给神明的礼物。其理据有四:(1)从秦襄公到秦始皇,秦人传承着悠久的包括用车马祭天传统。(2)秦始皇陵丽山是为沟通天人而建筑,丽山陵与骊山主峰则组成天门;铜车马坑位于丽山园内城西门里,对应天官西宫:咸池,即五帝车舍,北斗七星为帝车;铜车马是秦人献给天的帝车。(3)铜车马坑是一个密闭系统,跟秦陵地宫毫无联系,铜车马为秦始皇灵魂乘用说没有根据;铜车马坑有举行祭天"禋祀"的焚烧痕迹。(4)铜车马一、二号车形制虽有差异,但其处于同一规格等级,将其性质分别定为"兵车"和"安车"显然不妥。秦原出东夷,与农业关系密切,"舂"是秦人的表征。在辗转迁徙的过程中,秦人受到周文明的影响,又在马与马车的东传中占得先机。造车技术及马的驯化,传自西亚中亚,制造铜车马的原料—铜和锡却只能是来自中国西南,铜车马御官俑的写实风格则指向古希腊。一体多元或多元一体的中国古代文明在铜车马上得到充分的展现。

Until now researches on the bronze chariots and horses excavated in Qin Shi Huang＇s mausoleum can be summed up into the following： one of the chariots and horses is for the ride of Qin Shi Huang＇s soul and spirits,the other is a war chariot;and also there are some related study of honour guard（lubu in Chinese）,all of which are based on limited materials and the archaeology materials are not in conformity with the history.Only through a thorough understanding of the harmony of man and heaven in Chinese ancient civilization,the daily life of Qin people and their comprehension of this practice,can we probe into the nature of bronze chariots and horses and get a true understanding of the bronze chariots and horses and the related aspects.The pit of bronze chariots and horses is the sacrifice pit,and the two bronze chariots and horses are for heaven.This is supported by the following four reasons： First,Qin people had a long tradition to sacrifice to heaven by chariots and horses which can be dated back to Qin Xiang Gong.Second,Qin Shi Huang＇s mausoleum was constructed for the communication between the heaven and the human,and Qin Shi Huang＇s mausoleum and the summit of Mount Li formed the door leading to Heaven（Tian Men in Chinese）.The pit of bronze chariots and horses lies in the west door of the inner city of Qin Shi Huang＇s mausoleum,corresponding to the palace for the west emperor in heaven-Xian Chi,which is known as the garage for the five emperors in heaven,while the Big Dipper was believed as the chariots and horses for Chinese God.So the bronze chariots and horses are sacrifices to Heaven by Qin people.Third,the pit of bronze chariots and horses is a hermetic system,having no connection with the underground palace for Qin Shi Huang＇s coffin,so the idea that the bronze chariots and horses were for the ride of Qin Shi Huang＇s soul and spirit couldn＇t be justified.Furthermore,some remains of burnt sacrifice to Heaven were found.Fourth,While there are some differences between No.1 bronze chariots and horses and No.2 bronze chariots and horses in shapes,it is actually the same scale and on the same rank,judging from the fact it is inappropriate to identify one as a war chariot and the other as the ride for Qin Shi Huang＇s soul and spirit.Qin people come from the eastern tribes and have close relations with agriculture,and Pestle is the symbol of Qin people.In the process of migration,Qin people are influenced greatly by Zhou culture and take on the role in the eastern spreading of horses and chariots.Actually,the techniques of chariots making and the taming and training of horses come from West Asia and Central Asia respectively.Bronze and tin,the raw materials for bronze chariots and horses,can only be from the southwest of China,while the realistic characteristic of the pottery painting of the driving officials could be traced back to Ancient Greece.The Bronze Chariot and Horse is the exact example and true representation of quintessence of Qin Civilization,which can be generalized into diversification and unity on the one hand and harmonization and differences on the other hand.