梁启超由“公德”到“私德”的思想矛盾困境解读

An interpretation of Liang Qichao's dilemma about public virtue and private virtue

公德与私德是梁启超受日本思想家福泽谕吉的影响而提出的两大道德范畴,在论述这一对范畴时,梁启超分别对二者的含义和存在的必要性做了充分论证,以此表明公德和私德的重要价值地位和由公德到私德转换的应然选择。梁启超由公德到私德前后思想不一致的矛盾主要有两大原因:其一是特定的历史现实和思想冲击使梁启超表现出不同时期对公德和私德不同的倾向性;其二是在如何培养公德上,试图以"外推"的方式经由私德培养塑造国民公德,促使梁启超在后来特别强调私德价值和作用,这一原因是梁启超思想矛盾的根本原因所在。

Public virtue and private virtue are two moral categories put forward by Liang Qichao under the influence of Fukuzawa Yukichi,a renowned Japanese political theorist.He made explicit the definitions,values and the necessity of existence of the two notions,and on the basis of which,pointed out the necessary shift from public virtue to private virtue.Two major reasons account for Liang Qichao's dilemma: firstly,the dramatic changes of the Chinese contexts of his time determine his inclination to public virtue or private virtue;secondly,on the issue of how to strengthen the public morality,he extolled the private virtue in his later life.