生计资本对农牧民生活满意度的影响——以甘南高原为例

The impact of livelihood capital on the life satisfaction of peasants and herdsmen: A case of Gannan Plateau

地处青藏高原东缘的甘南高原是典型的生态环境脆弱区,提高农牧民的生计资本成为该区消除贫困、保护环境、可持续利用自然资源的基础与关键。本文建立了生计资本评估指标,结合实地调查资料评估了甘南高原纯牧区、半农半牧区和农区农户的生计资本状况,分析了不同区域农户面临的生活压力及需要的帮助,并采用logistic回归模型分析了农户生计资本对其生活满意度的影响,提出了提高农户生计资本的策略。研究表明:(1)农户生计资本存在空间异质性,纯牧区农户的生计资本总指数最高、农区次之、半农半牧区最低;(2)面临的稀缺资本不同,农区农户缺乏自然资本和物质资本,半农半牧区农户缺乏物质资本,纯牧区农户缺乏金融资本;(3)农户的生活满意度不高,面临一系列生活压力,但农户自身对生计风险的响应相对被动、消极,更多依赖国家政策;(4)目前对农户生活满意度影响最大的是物质资本,对提高农户生活满意度具有重要贡献的是人力资本与社会资本。

The Gannan Plateau, located in the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is a typical ecologically-sensitive region. The peasants and herdsmen are the main economic activities body and the essential decisive unit in this region. Their livelihood pattern affects the environmental security. Therefore, increasing and optimizing the peasants＇ and herdsmen＇s livelihood capital is the fundamental and key point of reducing poverty, protecting environment and using resources sustainably. At first, we set up the livelihood capital evaluation index, calculate the farmers＇ livelihood capital and analyze the farmers＂ livelihood pressure and the urgent assistance that they need by the field survey data. Then, we analyze the impact of the livelihood capital on the life satisfaction by logistic regression model. Finally, based on the analyses, we put forward the measures of increasing the farmers＂ livelihood capital. By evaluating the livelihood capital, the results show that the livelihood capital has spatial heterogeneity, namely, the first is the farmers in the pasture area, and the livelihood capital value reaches 1. 4769; the second is the farmers in the farming area, being 1. 2920; the last is the farmers in the farming-pastoral area, 1. 2841. There are some differences of the capital scarcity in this region. The farmers in the farming area are lack of material and nature capital. Meanwhile shortage of material capital exists in the farmingpastoral area and financial capital is needed in the pasture area. Moreover, the farmers＂ life satisfaction is lower. Some 44.40% of the interviewees are not satisfied with their living conditions, and they are facing a series of life stresses, such as income, education, medical care and employment. But the farmers respond to the life risks in a passive way, willing to depend on the local government. By analyzing the impact of the farmer＂ livelihood capital on life satisfaction, the results show that the most important capital is the material capital at present, and its Wald statistics is 14. 635, followed by the financial and social capital, with their Wald statistical values being 12. 204 and 10. 837, respectively. However, the livelihood capital that makes great contribution to the improvement of life satisfaction is the human and social capital, and their odds ratios are 10. 283 and 7. 632, respectively.