北京市农业发展态势及土地整治策略研究

Agriculture Development Trends and Land Consolidation Strategies in Beijing

探讨地区农业发展演变规律,是制定大都市区土地整治策略的前提条件。改革开放以来,北京市农业产业结构在市场化的导向下进行调整,其基本态势就是将生产、经济等资源转移到经济效益更好的产业或部门之中;一、二、三产业从业人员比例,由1978年的28.3∶40.1∶31.6,变为2008年的6.4∶21.1∶72.4;受城市化影响,农作物播种面积从69.1万hm^2持续下降到32.2万hm^2,但种植结构方面,粮食作物和蔬菜的播种面积一直占据着主导地位;受耕地面积的持续减少和边际生产力递减的影响,第一产业收入对农民收入的影响越来越有限。本文根据比较优势理论,分析了各区县间农业生产的综合比较优势,这也是区域土地综合整治的依据。并以发展都市型农业为目的,将农业发展与城市环境建设相结合,提出不同圈层的农地整治策略,以推进区域城乡统筹发展。

Reviewing the development history of metropolitan agriculture is the prerequisite for sustainable agricultural development and the formulation of land consolidation strategies in metropolitan areas. Since economic reforms in 1980s, the agricultural structure has been progressively adjusted under a market-oriented development mode. Production and economic resources have been transferred to other departments with higher economic benefits. The percentage of the employment structure in the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries has changed from 28.3∶40.1∶31.6 （in 1978） to 6.4∶21.1∶72.4 （in 2008）. Because of urban sprawl, agricultural sown areas reduced from 69.1×104ha to 32.2×104ha from 1978 to 2008. However, grain crops and vegetables are always the dominant parts of local agriculture. With reduction in cultivated land and marginal productivity, incomes from the primary industry contributed decreasingly to farmers’ revenue. With rising of living standards of people, people would pay more attention to environmental and ecological protection, as well as scenery enjoying. The main function of farmland has been transferred to ecological protection and sightseeing in metropolis areas. Taking agricultural land as the green space would be greatly helpful in multi-purpose uses of cultivated land. Adequate utilization of agricultural landscape with its ecological functions would also be a promising way to make urban areas more comfortable for living. On the basis of the comparative advantage theory, the present study analyzes the comprehensive comparative advantage of agriculture between different counties in Beijing Municipality from 1985 to 2005. Results indicate that the comparative advantage of agriculture has shifted into the outer parts of Beijing. For achieving the multi-function of agriculture, the spatial arrangement of land consolidation should be in accord with environment protection and scenery requirement. Land consolidation and recreational agriculture are sound tools to optimize measures of farmland conservation locally, which may provide reasonable ideas for rural development in metropolitan areas. Three reorganized spheres were implemented in the suburb of Beijing by taking into account environmental, social, and economic factors, integrating the comprehensive comparative advantage of agriculture, and applying the multi-functionality of agriculture to the provision of agricultural products and ecological, environmental, and landscape services as well. Subsequently, the models of land consolidation were designed, which encompass landscape beautification and ecological services. This study can also provide a theoretical foundation for regional land consolidation so as to promote the process of urban and rural integration under the guidelines of metropolitan agriculture and land consolidation strategies for each sphere.