纳米毒理学与安全性中的纳米尺寸与纳米结构效应

Size and structure effects in the nanotoxic response of nanomaterials

纳米生物效应与安全性是纳米科学中既具有基础科学意义,又事关纳米科技应用前景的关键问题,是纳米技术可持续发展的核心.国际上普遍认为,纳米技术的未来发展取决于两大主要瓶颈能否取得突破:一是纳米尺度上的可控加工与大规模生产技术;二是纳米安全性知识体系与评价方法.针对后者,欧洲和美国都提出了"没有安全数据,就没有市场"("NoData,NoMarket")的方针.为了保障科技和市场的优先权,"科技要领先,产品要安全"已成为发达国家的国家战略.为此,在短短5年内已经形成纳米毒理学这个新兴学科,阐明在纳米尺度下物质的毒理学效应.本文重点分析纳米毒理学与纳米安全性中的纳米尺寸效应、纳米结构效应这两个重要的科学问题及其研究结果,同时简单讨论剂量-效应关系这个传统毒理学的中心法则在纳米毒理学中的变化情况,讨论未来的相应研究内容和方向,同时也帮助读者更为科学、理性地认识和理解物质在新的纳米尺度下所固有的生物学特性,包括毒理学特性.

The biological effects and safety of nanomaterials are of particular significance in nanoscience, and are a key issue in the application of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology therefore needs breakthroughs in these two areas. First, precisely controllable and repeatable manufacturing processes must be developed on an industrial scale. Second, nanosafety knowledge and methodology must be developed, and safety assessment of nanoproducts must be given a regulatory framework. To prioritize the development of new technologies and to provide new products for the global market, the development of ＂safe products＂ must be considered of equal importance to the development of ＂leading technology＂. This has become a national strategy in many countries, and it is why nanotoxicology has quickly become a scientific discipline in the past five years. It is now known that the toxicological effects of nanomaterials are related to many of their properties. In this article, we focus primarily on two of the most important ones： nanosize and nanostructure. The dose-effects on nanotoxic responses are also briefly discussed. Particular focus is given to the differences in dose-effect relationships in traditional toxicology and nanotoxicology. Finally, we discuss the need for future research. Specifically, we identify the most important research topics, which urgently need to be understood, because of the rapid development of nanotechnology and its applications.