我国优秀青少年田径运动员相对年龄分布特征及原因分析

Analysis of Characteristics and Causes of Relative Age Distribution of Top Youth Athletes in China

目的:基于国外学者对相对年龄在体育运动中的研究,观察我国优秀田径运动员中是否存在"相对年龄"优势的现象,进而对其产生的原因及调控措施进行探讨。方法:采用文献资料调查法,收集了2007年国家注册的田径运动员的出生日资料进行统计分析。依照国际田径竞赛规则,样本分为少年乙组(15岁、16岁)、少年组(17岁、18岁)和青年组(19岁、20岁)。计数资料采用卡方检验进行统计学分析。结果:各组男子田径运动员的相对年龄分布经卡方检验,差异均十分显著,并且各组出生月份分布明显偏向比赛赛程的开始月份(1月),尤其是出生在Q1时间段的运动员占所在年龄组人数的比例最大。在以每两岁为划分标准的同一比赛年龄组中,前一年出生的运动员的"相对年龄"优势现象更为显著。结论:我国男子和女子田径运动员各年龄组中均存在着"相对年龄"优势现象,且出生日明显偏向于选择日,随年龄的增长相对年龄影响有减小趋势。

Objective：To analyse whether the advantage caused by ＂relative age＂ exsits in youth top athletes in China base on the foreign expert＇s research on relative age,and to discuss the possible causes of relative age advantage and the control measure.Methods：By applying method of data-collecting,we analyzed the distribution of birth dates collected from the athletes registering in 2007.Accord-ing to international athletic competition rules,these birth dates were divided into three age groups：junior B（age of 15 and 16）,junior A（17 and 18） and youth groups（19 and 20）.The data was analyzed by chi-square test.Result：With Chi-square test,significant differences were shown in relative age distribution in different age groups.The birth months of top track and field players in each group were shown significantly close to the beginning of competition（January）,especially those of athletes born in the Q1 bearing a high proportion.In two years as the division of each standard age group in the same game,the ＂relative age＂ advantage became more significant in the players who were born in the previous year.Conclusion：The birth months of top track and field players in each group were shown significantly close to the beginning of competition,and the influence caused by relative age became weaken along with the growth of the age.