战国秦汉时期的物价和货币经济的基本结构

Prices and the Basic Structure of the Monetary Economy during the Warring States,Qin,and Han Periods

战国秦汉时期存在着＂固定官价＂、＂平贾＂（正贾）、＂实际价格＂这3个层次的物价结构。该时期市场实际价格的变动未必是与固定官价及平贾不同的例外或者是非法的现象,而为法律所允许,所以钱的价值并非是由金或布本位制以及与此类似的制度来维持的。国家当时只允许具有同一种钱文的钱流通,试图维持通过累加其枚数来计算商品价值的体系,并且试图进一步减轻钱的重量,直至其低于钱文的＂名义重量＂或＂规定重量＂。不过,由于民间倾向于将钱当作是秤量货币,民众没有完全遵行钱文。这样,官府不得不顺从民间意志,转而采用接近＂实际重量＂的,作为一定的价值物恰好能为民间所接受的钱文。

There were three types of commodity prices in the Warring-States,Qin,and Han periods,namely,fixed price by government,legitimate price approved by governmental officials based on market price,and the market price.The fluctuation of market prices in private sector had not been legally restricted,and in the Qin and Han period,the pricing system was not based upon gold or cloth standard.Rather,in official terms,the state allowed only one system of coin to be circulated and tried to calculate the value of the coins by counting the number of the coins.However,each coin had its actual weight and officially required weight which were usually different.Because people preferably used the actual weight to judge the value of the coins,the government had to adopt a system which marked the value of the coins closely according to the actual weight of the coins.