印度“补偿性歧视”的合宪性调适——兼论对我国的启示意义

Compensatory Discrimination and Its Constitutional Adjustment:An Indian Case

印度宪法同时规定了实现社会正义的两条路径:一方面禁止基于种姓等事由的歧视,另一方面授权政府以"补偿性歧视"方式提升表列种姓、表列部族和其他落后阶层的福祉。近年来,补偿性歧视的政治化倾向和种姓身份逆向确定等问题在印度愈发突出,威胁到制度本身的存续。印度最高法院通过在中性的禁止歧视原则中嵌入反从属的价值取向和"衡平-比例"原则的适用调和了冲突的宪法利益。印度在执行补偿性歧视中暴露出的问题以及对不同宪法利益整合的思路为完善我国民族优惠政策提供了有益参照。

The Indian Constitution incorporates two approaches to social justice simultaneously：prohibition discrimination on the ground of caste etc.and authorization of ＂compensatory discrimination＂ in favor of the Scheduled Castes,Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.However,the tendency of reverse identification has endangered the existence of compensatory discrimination.The Supreme Court of India de-conflicts the tension among competing constitutional interests by inserting anti-subordination value into the principle of anti-discrimination and adopting the principle of ＂balancing-proportionality＂.The debate over the legal issue in India offers a reference to scrutinizing China＇s special treatment regulations for its ethnic minorities.