易代之际文人的历史困境——钱谦益和钱穆笔下的刘基

The Historical Predicament that Scholars Would Encounter in the Period of Dynastic Changes

作为一个有着强烈事功心理的文人,刘基先后出仕元明两朝,其"仕二主"的经历被后世同处于易代之际的钱谦益和钱穆两位文人先后提出加以讨论。钱谦益站在忠贰之辨的立场上对刘基表示同情,而钱穆则站在华夷之辨的立场上对刘基予以谴责,然二者却都明确指向了刘基的贰臣身份,从而颠覆了其开国功臣的形象。这种巧合背后所隐藏的是三位夷夏易代之际文人所共同面临的华夷之辨与忠贰之辨相互纠结的历史困境。

As a scholar with strong entrepreneur spirit,Liu Ji became an official of Yuan and Ming Dynasty in succession.His experience of serving for two different emperors was put forward and diccussed by scholars Qian Qianyi and Qian Mu,both of whom were in the period of dynastic changes.On the side of distinction between administrative loyalty and administrative disobedience,Qian Qianyi showed sympathy on Liu Ji,while Qian Mu,on the side of distinction between Han and other ethnic groups,criticized him.However,both of the two clearly pointed at Liu Ji＇s identity of serving two different emperors,thus subverted his status as a hero of founding the country.What is hidden behind the coincidence is a historical predicament that scholars would encounter in the period of dynastic changes.