秦直道的昙花一现及其对交通规划的警示——基于交通区位角度的解释

Quick Dying Out of Zhidao in Qin Dynasty and Consequential Lessons to Transport Planning——Explanation Based on Transportation Location Theory

直道是秦始皇规划并遣大将蒙恬花巨资修筑的,其技术等级堪称古代高速公路。但在漫漫历史长河中直道的作用犹如昙花一现。究其实质,在于其规划者违背了交通区位原理。秦王朝对直道的需求单一、短暂,所经之地是水资源不充分且不可能聚集大量人类其他活动的子午岭山脊线,网络效应不突出。由此,在规划交通基础设施时,首先应发现交通区位,关注由交通需求的持续性、聚集效应和网络效应决定的交通基础设施的寿命周期。

Zhidao, planned by Qin Shihuang and constructed by Meng Tian, was regarded as an ancient expressway. But its resplendence was like a flash in the pan comparing with the long history. Why？ The essential reason is that the planner of Zhidao disobeyed the theory of transportion location, which can offer transport activities comparative advantages attributable to the factors of transportation location. In Qin dynasty, traffic along Zhidao was single and transitory; its surrounding was lack of water and had no ability to centralize many other human activities; Zhidao had little contribution to the transport networks. The historical fortune of Zhidao warns transport planners should analyze and find transportation location, and should focus on long-term and variety traffic, agglomeration and network effect which determine the life span of an infrastructure.