论跨界环境损害责任的确定因素

Factors on Responsibility of Transboundary Environment Damage

跨界环境损害的通常含义是指跨过国家边界线的物理存在或溢出造成的损害。污染方责任的确定首先应该考虑直接决定污染的因素,包括预防措施及恢复原状的成本和合理反应措施的费用。前者指符合成本效益的费用,即建立和维持集体行动制度的成本。后者是在确定这样的救济时,核心问题应该是合理和谨慎的主权国家或其代理人为减轻污染造成的损害而将采取的步骤,并同时注意技术可行性、有害的负作用以及这种再生过程的兼容性或其重叠性,以及在多大程度上这种努力超出了某一点变得多余或过于昂贵。其次需要考虑的是间接决定污染的因素,包括人身、财产与环境的损害。另外,在判断受害国的哪些损害应由加害国承担赔偿责任的问题上,需要考虑的另外一种情况是损害不是单纯由不法行为引起的,而是由并存的原因引起的。还有一个促成损害的问题需要考虑。

Transboundary harm means a special environment damage.＂Transboundary damage＂ refers to a physical externality or spillover that crosses state lines.How to make certain the liability of polluter must take into account the pre-requisite.It includes the costs of prevention and restoration and reasonable response measures.The general criterion for determining when any type of collective action regime will arise is that the benefits of the regime in terms of reducing externalities must exceed the costs of creating and sustaining the regime.The basic problem is that the costs and benefits of the polluting activity and of regulation of that activity are symmetrically opposed between the source state and the affected state.Another problem is contribution to the injury.