《三国志》中的投降礼仪

Surrender Ceremonies in The History of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou

三国时代征战频繁,军事行动失败一方的人员多有选择投降自保的,执行者有皇帝、刺史、州牧、军阀、家将、幕僚等。其中蜀国刘禅和吴国孙⑦在面对敌军来临,己方的军事行动失败之时,均选择投降自保。刘禅和孙⑦均执行了《左传》记载的"面缚"和"舆榇"的投降礼仪,且在出降之前遣使奉降书于对方统帅。"奉降书"是先秦两汉投降礼仪中没有记载的新形式。《三国志》的作者陈寿是蜀、吴两国灭亡的见证者,他对于投降礼仪的记载拥有极高的可信度。

Many powers attacked each other in the period of Three Kingdoms,the defeated party has their choice： surrender or no.According The History of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou,empiror,ministers,generals and stadholders chose surrender.Two surrender ceremonies,＂self bind＂,＂coffin load＂ recorded by Zuozhuan Biography were used by Liu Chan and Sun Hao.The empires of Shu and Wu all sent surrender letters to the winners,another new ceremony of surrender.The writer of The History of the Three Kingdoms,Chen Shou,experienced the period of Three Kingdoms,so his records of the surrender ceremonies were believable.