自然界水循环中的水量平衡原理与干旱研究

Principle of Water Balance in Natural Water Cycle and Drought Research

概述了国际、国内干旱研究概况。指出区域多年平均降水量的多少,反映了区域中水资源对生态、经济发展承载力的大小。农业生产中把防止土壤蒸发措施叫抗旱;水利建设中拦河筑坝、引水灌溉、凿井汲水,叫兴修水利抗旱救灾。因此干旱的实质是径流消退、土壤蒸发自然衰减并达到区域内水资源对生态和经济发展的承载能力下降到某一限度或阀值的称谓,如人们感官中的小旱、大旱等。根据径流消退公式和土壤蒸发衰减曲线,参照大风、地震研究方法,输入降水、逐日蒸发观测值,即可成功实现统一干旱标准的实时旱情监测。

The international and domestic drought research situation was described. It was pointed out that the mean annual rainfall of a region would reflect the water resources carrying capacity for the ecological and economic development there. Prevention of soil evaporation is called drought relief in the agricultural production; Damming rivers, water diversion irrigation and drilling water are called water conservancy for drought relief. Therefore, essence of drought is runoff depletion, soil evaporation natural attenuation and the water resources carrying capacity for ecological and economic development getting down to a certain extent or threshold. According to the runoff depletion formula and soil evaporation attenuation curve, based on the methods of wind and earthquake research, the observed precipitation and daily evaporation can be used to realize the real-time drought monitoring in a unified drought standard.