中古英国敞田制的运作及经济社会效应

The Operation and Economic and Social Influence of the Open-Field System in Medieval England

敞田制是中世纪英国基本的土地利用与管理制度。土地以条田的形式呈现且分散分布是敞田制的自然形态特征;土地的个人占有与公共利用是敞田制的基本内涵;庄园习惯法或村规民约是敞田制运作的基本准则。在生产力水平低下的背景下,敞田制特有的农牧结合可以有效地保持土壤的肥力,有利于维护小农经济,对社会弱势群体也起到了一定的慈善和救济作用。

The open-field system was the basic land use and management system in medieval England.Land split into scattered strips is its natural form feature.Private possession and public use of land is its basic content.Manorial custom or village by-law is its basic operation principle.Under the background of low productivity,the open-field system,with unique combination of agriculture and animal husbandry,was effective in maintaining the soil fertility and the small-scale peasant economy.It also played a role in charity and relief to the disadvantaged group.