中国古代的“家先”观念

The Idea of "Jiaxian" in Ancient China

"家先"是指家族中先亡长辈(如父母、祖父母等)的鬼魂,也是古人冥界观念中常见之鬼。"家先"之语频繁地出现在道书文献中,其与"外鬼"对应而并为道门法术所劾治的重要对象。我们首先从《太平经》入手厘清了"家先"概念的涵义,进而分析了"家先"与"家鬼"之异同及其与在世亲属之间的复杂关系。最后,陈述了古代文献中谈到的几种劾治"家先"的法术或措施。

'Jiaxian' means the ghosts of the dead elders of a family,such as parents,grandparents and so on.And 'Jiaxian' were also common ghosts in the concept of the ancients' hell.The phase 'Jiaxian' was frequently mentioned in the Taoism literature.The corresponding phase of 'Jiaxian' was 'Waigui',and both of them were important objects that were expelled by Taoism spell.This paper firstly clarified the meaning of the concept of 'Jiaxian' starting from 'Taipingjing',then analyzed the differences and similarities between 'Jiaxian'and 'Jiagui' and the complicated relationship with Living relatives,and at last acounted some kinds of spell or measures for expelling 'Jiaxian'.