苦瓜育种及相关基础研究进展

Advances in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) breeding and related basic research

苦瓜虽然栽培历史悠久,但其育种及相关遗传基础研究起步较晚,落后于葫芦科其他主要瓜类蔬菜,目前主要集中在3个方面:一是产量、品质、熟性、主要果实性状及其他相关经济性状等的遗传研究;二是抗病性及其遗传基础研究;三是DNA分子标记在苦瓜遗传育种研究中的应用。近年来,许多学者采用品种提纯、有性杂交、杂种优势和诱变育种等方法,通过对耐冷凉、抗病、丰产、早熟、强雌系等苦瓜品种进行选育,育成一批表现较好的苦瓜品种,如大肉一号、桂农科一号和桂农科二号、玉5号、早优苦瓜、早绿苦瓜、农优1号、新科3号苦瓜、强雌品种"Q11-2"和"屿强-2"等。由于苦瓜的遗传育种研究基础相对比较薄弱,今后应加强对苦瓜主要性状遗传规律的研究,如主要性状的表现、杂种二代及以上性状的分离比例、主要性状的遗传力等;加强对苦瓜种质资源的收集、鉴定、评价,尤其是从苦瓜发源地引进种质资源;加强苦瓜分子育种的研究,如指纹图谱数据库、遗传多样性的研究及种质资源的创新利用等方面;建立苦瓜高效组织培养再生体系和高效苦瓜遗传转化体系,采用分子育种手段进行种质资源创新或品种改良;利用化学或物理方法处理愈伤组织以获得抗病、耐冷凉育种材料,或利用花粉小孢子进行培养等。苦瓜发源地国家之间或与苦瓜栽培国家之间应加强合作与交流,共享部分苦瓜种质资源,为苦瓜育种提供更多的基因来源。

The present paper reviews the genetic and molecular basis of bitter gourd （Momordica charantia L.） breeding. Although bitter gourd has a long cultivation history, the molecular researches and breeding efforts have been started later than the other major Cucurbitaceae vegetables. Currently, the genetic researches on bitter gourd are mainly focused on yield, quality, maturity period, fruit characteristics, economic traits, etc. Researches are also being carried out for disease resistance and application of DNA molecular marker in molecular breeding. In recent years, various bitter gourd varieties have been bred with resistance to cold and diseases, characteristics of high-yield, early maturity, strong female line, etc., by variety purification, sexual hybridization, heterosis and mutation breeding. Some remarkable bitter gourd varieties were Darouyihao, Guinongke 1, Guinongke 2, Yu 5, Zaoyoukugua, Zaolükugua, Nongyou 1, Xinke 3 Kugua, and strong-female varieties Q11-2 and Yuqiang-2, etc. The suggestions have been given for strengthening the researches on molecular level to understand the mechanism of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and to study the molecular basis of high yield and quality, morphological and growth characteristics. The study of performance and heritability of main characters and percentage of characters separated in F2 or further generations have also been suggested. More emphasis should be given on collection, identification and evaluation of germplasm resources to facilitate the breeding. Use of modern molecular tools and techniques such as fingerprint, genetic diversity and their application in innovation of germplasm resources should be practiced. The authors suggest to develop an effective regeneration system and genetic transformation system for renewing germplasm resources and variety improvement of bitter gourd.