制造业工人肌肉骨骼疾患和劳动负荷及工作姿势分析

Analysis of musculoskeletal disorders, work load and working postures among manufacturing workers

目的分析制造业工人肌肉骨骼疾患和劳动负荷及工作姿势在不同企业、性别、文化程度、年龄和工龄组间的分布。方法采用横断面研究设计和问卷调查方法对12家制造业企业5134名工人进行近1年内肌肉骨骼疾患发生情况调查。结果调查对象在近12个月内身体腰、颈、肩、腕、踝足、膝、髋臀、肘部肌肉骨骼疾患发生率分别为59．7％、47．9％、38．1％、33．7％、26．9％、25．4％、15．2％、14．9％。不同企业工人身体各部位肌肉骨骼疾患发生率的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。耐火材料厂和化纤厂工人肘、腰、腕、足（踝）等部位肌肉骨骼疾患发生率高于其他企业，而服装厂和金刚石厂工人肌肉骨骼疾患发生率低于其他企业。女性工人颈、肩、腕部肌肉骨骼疾患发生率高于男性，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。不同文化程度工人身体各部位肌肉骨骼疾患发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈o．01）。颈、肩、肘、腰、髋臀和膝部肌肉骨骼疾患发生率的年龄和工龄组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），肌肉骨骼疾患发生率随年龄和工龄增长而增加。耐火材料厂和化纤厂工人劳动负荷大者和不良姿势者比例较高，金刚石和服装厂工人较低。结论制造业工人腰、颈、肩、腕部肌肉骨骼疾患发生率较高，性别、文化程度、年龄和工龄对肌肉骨骼疾患的发生存在影响。

Objective To analyze the distribution of the musculoskeletal disorders, work load and working postures in different factories, gender, education levels, age and working years among manufacturing workers. Methods In a cross-sectional study of 5134 manufacturing workers in 12 factories, the morbidities for musculoskeletal disorders in one year period were measured with questionnaires. Results The morbidities for musculoskeletal disorders in body sites： waist, neck, shoulder, wrist, ankle/feet, knee, hip/buttocks and elbows were 59.7%, 47.9%, 38.1%, 33.7%, 26.9%, 25.4%, 15.2%, and 14.9%, respectively in one year period. There were significant differences of morbidities for musculoskeletal symptoms in body sites of workers among different factories （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01 ）. The morbidities of muscnloskeletal symptoms in elbows, waist, wrists and ankle/feet of the workers in refractory material and chemical fiber factories were higher than those in other factories, the morbidities for musculoskeletal symptoms of workers in garments and diamond factories were lower than those in other factories. The morbidities for musculoskeletal symptoms in neck, shoulders and wrists of female workers were significantly higher than those of male workers （P〈0.01）. There were significant differences of the morbidities for musculoskeletal symptoms in body sites among workers with different educational levels（P〈0.05 or P〈0.01 ）. There were significant differences of the morbidities for musculoskeletal symptoms in neck, shoulders, wrists, hip/buttocks and knee among groups with different age or different working years （P〈0.01）, and the morbidities for musculoskeletal symptoms increased with age and working years. The proportions of unhealthy working postures and high working load among workers in refractory material and chemical fiber factories were higher; but those in garments and diamond factories were lower. Conclusion The morbidities for musculoskeletal symptoms in waist, neck, shoulder and wrists of workers in manufacturing workers were higher; the gender, education level, age and working years could influenced the morbidities for musculoskeletal disorders.