苹果起源演化的考察研究

An Investigation and Studies on the Origin and Evolution of Malus domestica Borkh.in the World

苹果是栽培种。塞威士苹果Ｍａｌｕｓｓｉｅｖｅｒｓｉ（Ｌｅｄ．）Ｒｏｅｍ．是苹果的野生种。中国苹果和西洋苹果皆起源于塞威士苹果。西洋苹果（苹果）起源于中亚的塞威士苹果，但杂有高加索东方苹果Ｍ．ｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓＵｇｌｉｔｚ．和欧洲森林苹果Ｍ．ＳｙｌｖｅｓｔｒｉｓＭｉｌ．的基因，而中国苹果则是从新疆塞威士苹果的纯系驯化而来的栽培种。现代苹果果实的大小、色泽、品质及成熟期等性状的多样化，是祖先种在自然演化过程中早已出现不同类型的变异特征。有些变异特征直接满足了人类的愿望，从而由野生类型通过驯化成为栽培类型。此过程在塞威士苹果接近人类居住的野生群落所在地至今尚可见到。中亚的塞威士苹果，在自然变异的基础上加上种间杂交的变异形成了变异类型的多样化，在人为驯化过程中，有益的经济性状被保留下来，且不断积累成为现代西洋苹果栽培品种丰富多彩的格局。天山支脉的塞威士苹果是经过第四纪冰川多次袭击后的幸存者，其类型变异的多样化是大气候与地形气候变化及种内杂交的不同群落趋暖趋湿竞争相结合的结果，而这些复杂的特征特性后来为栽培者所继承和发展。

Malus domestica Borkh.is a cultivated species,and M.sieversii (Led.)Roem.is the wild species of M.domestica Borkh.Chinese apple(Nai,softapple)and the western apple M.domestica Borkh.both are originated from M.sieversii (Led.)Roem. M.domestica Borkh.was originated from the M.sieversii (Led)Roem.in the midland of The Mid Asia.It was a hybrid originated from three species. M.sieversii (Led.)Roem., M.orientalis Uglitz.and M.sylvestris Mill.Chinese apple is a cultigen derived directly from M.sieversii (Led.)Roem.The modern variation in fruit character of cultivated apple such as size,color,quality and ripening stage are all the characters which have already formed in the ancestor species of apple during the hundreds and thousands of nature evolution years.Because some of the variations directly meet the needs of human beings,these variations have domesticated and transformed into modern culti types.This process of evolution can still be found in the populations of M.sieversii (Led.)Roem.which grow at the places not far from where inhabited by human beings.The species diversity of M.sieversii (Led.)Roem in Mid Asia areas is the combined result of mutual variations of the species and interspecies hybridization of Malus Mill.During the long history of domestication of wild types the useful economical characters of plant were purposely maintained and all these characteristics accumulated and formed the genetic basis of modern colorful cultivation of western apple( M.domesticu Borkh.). M.sieversii (Led.)Roem.populations now distributed in the branch of Tianshan Mountain were the survivals of the species which had been eroded repeatedly by the glacier during the fourth period of geological time.The genetic diversity of M.sieversii is a comprehensive result caused by the change of climates diffe rences of potography,intro species hybridization and competitions among populations which have di fferent adaptability of warm or humid climate conditions.These complex characteristics were late used and improved by human beings in the history of plant evolution.