改炉改灶措施降低农村室内空气污染的效果观察

Stoves Improvement and Indoor Air Pollution Abatement in Rural Area in China

目的通过现场实测,探讨我国农村贫困地区采用改良炉灶措施在降低室内空气污染方面所达到的效果。方法于2006至2007年在贵州省贫困农村地区选择500户家庭作为干预组,将老式北京炉改造为回风炉或将旧煤灶改造为带有烟囱的新型燃煤台灶;在相同地区另外选择500户作为对照组,保持家庭原有燃煤方式。分别从干预组和对照组抽出100户家庭,以炉灶燃烧污染物(PM4、SO2、CO)排放浓度、炉灶燃料消耗量、燃烧热效率、室内空气污染物(SO2、CO)浓度和SO2个体暴露浓度等指标评价改良炉灶的效果。结果与对照组家庭比较,炉灶改良的干预组家庭室内空气中SO2和CO浓度降低61.1%和37.8%,SO2个体暴露浓度降低29.9%;与传统旧炉灶相比,改良炉灶干预组PM4、CO、SO2排放浓度降低57%～90%,燃料消耗量降低36%～43%,燃烧热效率提高20%以上。结论改良炉灶是我国农村贫困地区降低室内空气污染的有效干预手段之一。

Objective To investigate the effect of improved stoves on reducing indoor air pollution in poor rural areas. Methods One thousand households were selected and divided into intervention group and control group in poor rural areas in Guizhou province, the stove/ventilation improvement was conducted for 500 households of intervention group. One hundred households were selected from each group of 500 households as measurement subjects, and emission concentration of stoves combustion pollutant （PM4, SO2, CO）, stove fuel consumption, thermal efficiency of the stove, concentration of indoor air pollutant （SO2, CO）, personal exposure to indoor air pollutant SO2 were monitored in field to evaluate the effects of the improved stoves on reducing indoor air pollutant. Results Compared with the control group, the concentrations of SO2 and CO in the intervention group of improved stoves decreased by 61.1% and 37.8% respectively. The emission concentrations of PM4, SO2, CO of improved stoves decreased by 57%-90%, the fuel consumption reduced by 36%--43% and the thermal efficiency increased by over 20% compared with the traditional stoves. Conclusion Stoves improvement is one of effective intervention measure to reduce indoor air pollution in poor rural areas in China.