“Neg+Wh+VP”和“Wh+Neg+VP”意义同异之辨——兼谈全称否定的排他性保留和特称容忍的逻辑机制

On the meaning differences between "Neg+Wh+VP" and "Wh+Neg+VP"

本文首先描写"Neg+Wh+VP"(没有谁笑)和"Wh+Neg+VP"(谁也没有笑)两种格式在词类序列、句法构造和论元结构方面的差别,指出它们在逻辑意义上的相同之处及其形成机制(否定存在=全称否定),还从焦点结构和信息结构上分析这两种格式在语气表达方面存在差别的原因(常规焦点的语义否定vs.对比焦点的语用否定)。然后讨论这两种格式中Wh的意义差别及其原因,揭示Wh的周遍性意义的形成机制(Wh在指称上的均质性与"也/都"的加合功能互动、又受主宾语在定指性上的不对称性的影响)。最后讨论全称否定的排他性保留(如:大家谁也没有笑,只有吴平笑了)和特称容忍(如:吴平没有笑,大家谁也没有笑)现象及其逻辑机制(对于缺省推理的例外声明和冗余重申)。

This paper first describes the differences between the constructions 'Neg+Wh+VP'(e.g.meiyou shui xiao 没有谁笑)and 'Wh+Neg+VP'(e.g.shui ye meiyou xiao 谁也没有笑)from the perspectives of word-class sequence,syntactic structure and argument structure.It reveals the similarity shared by the two constructions in logic meaning(i.e.universal negation)and the logic mechanisms behind the similarity.Then,it analyzes the differences between the two constructions in the focus structure and the information structure,and the formation of the feature 'universal quantification' of the Wh-words.Finally,the paper discusses two special related expressions.