微卫星标记技术在淡水腹足类种群遗传学研究中的应用

Application of Microsatellite DNA Markers in Population Genetics Studies of Freshwater Gastropoda

综述了淡水腹足类微卫星位点的获取方法、微卫星重复序列的特点以及微卫星标记技术在其种群遗传学研究中的应用,着重分析了微卫星多态性在淡水腹足类种群遗传多样性、种群遗传结构、遗传分化、交配系统、种群关系研究中的应用.淡水腹足类普遍表现为杂合体缺失,种群遗传多样性降低.淡水腹足类近交和自体受精现象比较频繁以及地理隔离导致种群间遗传分化.利用微卫星标记研究遗传杂合度,结合群体近交系数和基因分化系数在一定程度上反映了淡水腹足类的交配系统.根据不同种群的遗传距离和相似性进行聚类分析在判别种群间的亲缘关系上起到了很大作用.针对淡水腹足类自身的特性,微卫星分子标记技术在淡水腹足类入侵生物学、分类阶元,寄生虫的分子流行病学等研究领域有广泛的应用前景.

This paper summarizes the methods of obtaining microsatellite loci of freshwater gastropoda and the characteristics of microsatellite,and emphatically analyzes the application of microsatellite markers in the population genetics studies of freshwater gastropoda,including population genetic diversity,genetic structure,genetic differentiation,mating system and genetic relationship.Heterozygote def iciency is a common phenomenon in freshwater gastropoda,and it often causes the loss of population genetic diversity.The common explanations to genetic differentiation of freshwater gastropoda are inbreeding,self-fertilization and geographical isolation.The population genetics characteristics can be analyzed by microsatellite polymorphism markers.To a certain extent,heterozygosity,with population inbreeding and gene differentiation coefficients,can reflect the mating system of freshwater gastropoda.On the basis of genetic distance and genetic similarity,the result of cluster analysis can discriminate genetic relationship of the populations of freshwater gastropoda.According to the characteristics of freshwater gastropoda,microsatellite molecular markers have a broad application in the research of invasive biology,taxonomic category and molecular epidemiology of parasites.