城市生活垃圾处理技术现状与管理对策

Technologies status and management strategies of municipal solid waste disposal in China

近年来,我国城市生活垃圾产生量每年以约10%的速度迅猛增长,而城市生活垃圾处理能力发展相对滞后。客观评述城市生活垃圾常用的填埋、焚烧、堆肥3种处理技术的优缺点和在国内的应用现状,并针对城市生活垃圾在收运、处理以及管理等环节中存在的突出问题,提出了明确的建议与措施:首先,完善相关法规政策,实施分类收集,加强源头控制;其次,创新管理体制,推行市场化运作机制,政府加强政策引导和监督;再次,按照"谁污染,谁付费"的原则,建立健全垃圾收费体系;最后,充分利用各种媒介,加大宣传力度,提高公众环保意识。同时,还探讨了城市生活垃圾处理技术发展的趋势。焚烧处理将是今后一段时期我国最有发展潜力的技术,气化熔融焚烧技术是一种高效资源化、污染物接近零排放的新型焚烧技术;生物反应器填埋技术可减少渗滤液处理量、降低垃圾处理成本,具有广阔的发展前景;堆肥技术可作为焚烧或填埋之前的预处理手段;城市生活垃圾综合处理集多种处理技术的优点于一体,在节约处理成本,提高经济效益的同时,实现了垃圾的减量化、资源化、无害化,是未来我国生活垃圾处理的优先发展方向。

In recent years,the production of municipal solid waste（MSW） in China has been increasing at a 10% annually,but the processing capacity is relatively laggard.This paper reviewed the advantages/disadvantages and application status of three commonly used treatment technology：landfill,incineration and composting.With reference to the outstanding issues during the waste collection,transport and disposal,the paper put forword explicit suggestions and measures.Firstly,improve laws and regulations,implement waste classified collection,strengthen of source control.Secondly,innovate of the management system,promote market-oriented operation mechanism,and the government should strengthen the policy guidance and supervision.Thirdly,according to Polluter Pays Principle,establish and perfect the garbage charge system.Lastly,make full use of various media to strengthen publicity activities and to improve the public environmental awareness.Meanwhile,the paper also discussed the technology development trend of MSW treatment and suggested that incineration will be the most promising technology in the near future;Gasifying and melting technology is a new-style incineration technology with efficient reutilization and waste’ near zero release.Bioreactor landfill technology is able to reduce leachate quantity and lower the processing cost,having abroad market potential.Composting technology can be a pretreatment method before incineration or landfill.MSW comprehensive treatment integrate the advantages of several treatment technologies,it can realize ＂Decrement,Resources and Harmless＂,at the same time,it saves the treatment cost and improves economic benefit,which could be the prior development trend of MSW treatment in future.