图像如何证史：一幅石刻画所见清代西南的历史与历史记忆

How Images Prove History:A Case Study of A Marble Carving Documenting The History of the Southwest China,Qing Dynasty

在云南楚雄大姚县石羊镇的文庙中,保存着一幅清道光二十一年制的石刻画,这幅石刻画上画着清初孙可望部将张虎遇土主显灵而止杀、及李卫过洞庭遇险亦得土主保佑的故事。作者通过梳理这两个故事的来龙去脉及其反映的地方历史,发现无论是《封氏节井图》还是《土主显灵图》这样的名称,都无法显示图像背后的真实意义,实际上,这幅石刻画所揭示的,是石羊镇井盐业的发展变化及其在帝国经略西南边陲过程中的意义,以及给当地社会、文化造成的影响。而这幅石刻画的独特史料价值,则在于它反映出"灶商"这一群体的历史记忆及其现实欲求。藉此个案,也说明了图像证史的某些方法。

A marble carving that was created in 1841(the 21st year of Emperor Daoguang(道光)reign of the Qing dynasty) remains preserved in the Confucian Temple of Shiyang,Dayao county,Chuxiong of Yunnan Province,on which are carved two fairy stories.One is about how Tuzhu,a local deity manifested his power to stop General Zhang Hu who served as the subordinate of Sun Kewang from killing the local people in the early Qing dynasty.The other illustrates how Tuzhu saved Li Wei's life from the storm when he was passing the Lake Dongting.By examining the context of the stories and related local history,the author found that neither Virtuous Well of Woman Feng(Feng Shi Jie Jing Tu) nor Tu Zhu's Manifesting His Power(Tu Zhu Xian Ling Tu) as the title of the carving may very well convey what is really implied behind the stories.In fact,this carving not only describes the evolution and significance of the well-salt industry of Shiyang town in the process of the Empire's management to the southwest border area,but also illustrates the impact that the salt industry had upon the local society and culture as well.On the other hand,the unique historical value of this carving lies in its reflection of the salt merchants' remembrance of the past and expectation of the present.The study has also proved some methods to be useful to evidence history with ancient images.